List the various iterations of Loop testing. Define test set. A test set T is said to be mutation adequate for program p provided that for every in equivalent mutant pi of p there is an element t in T such that pi[t] is not equal to p[t]. What are the errors uncovered by black box testing? List the levels of Testing or Phases of testing. Define Unit Test and characterized the unit test. At a unit test a single component is tested.
A unit is the smallest possible testable software component. List the phases of unit test planning. Unit test planning having set of development phases. Phase1: Describe unit test approach and risks. Phase 2: Identify unit features to be tested.
Phase 3: Add levels of detail to the plan. List the work of test planner. Define integration Test. At the integration level several components are tested as a group and the tester investigates component interactions. Define System test. When integration test are completed a software system has been assembled and its major subsystems have been tested. System test planning should begin at the requirements phase. Define Alpha and Beta Test. Beta test who use it under real world conditions and report the defect to the Developing organization.
What are the approaches are used to develop the software? List the issues of class testing. Issue1: Adequately Testing classes Issue2: Observation of object states and state changes.
Define test Harness. The auxiliary code developed into support testing of units and components is called a test harness. The harness consists of drivers that call the target code and stubs that represent modules it calls. Define Test incident report. The tester must determine from the test whether the unit has passed or failed the test. If the test is failed, the nature of the problem should be recorded in what is sometimes called a test incident report. Define Summary report.
The causes of the failure should be recorded in the test summary report, which is the summary of testing activities for all the units covered by the unit test plan. Goals of Integration test. What are the Integration strategies? What is Cluster? A cluster consists of classes that are related and they may work together to support a required functionality for the complete system. List the different types of system testing. Define load generator and Load. An important tool for implementing system tests is a load generator.
A load generator is essential for testing quality requirements such as performance and stress A load is a series of inputs that simulates a group of transactions. Define functional Testing. Functional tests at the system level are used ensure that the behavior of the system adheres to the requirement specifications. What are the two major requirements in the Performance testing.
We test for compliance of the requirement at the system level with the functional based system test. Define stress Testing.
When a system is tested with a load that causes it to allocate its resources in maximum amounts. It is important because it can reveal defects in real-time and other types of systems. A Policy can be defined as a high-level statement of principle or course of action that is used to govern a set of activities in an org.
Define Plan. A plan is a document that provides a framework or approach for achieving a set of goals. Managers use them to determine project status. A Cost driver can be described as a process or product factor that has an impact on overall project costs.
Project startup 2. Management coordination 3. Tool selection 4. Test planning 5. Test design 6. Test development 7. Test execution 8.
Test measurement, and monitoring 9. Test analysis and reporting Test process improvement 10 What is the function of Test Item Transmittal Report or Locating Test Items Suppose a tester is ready to run tests on the data described in the test plan.
We needs to be able to locate the item and have knowledge of its current status. This is the function of the Test Item Transmittal Report. Each Test Item Transmittal Report has a unique identifier. The Test log should be prepared by the person executing the tests.
It is a diary of the events that take place during the test. It supports the concept of a test as a repeatable experiment. A procedure in general is a sequence of steps required to carry out a specific task.
Define Breaking the System. The goal of stress test is to try to break the system; Find the circumstances under which it will crash. What are the steps for top down integration? What is meant by regression testing? System usability can be improved. What are the prototyping approaches in software process? Evolutionary prototyping — In this approach of system development, the initial prototype is prepared and it is then refined through number of stages to final stage. Throw-away prototyping — Using this approach a rough practical implementation of the system is produced.
The requirement problems can be identified from this implementation. It is then discarded. System is then developed using some different engineering paradigm. What are the advantages of evolutionary prototyping? Fast delivery of the working system. User is involved while developing the system. More useful system can be delivered. Specification,design and implementation work in co-ordinated manner.
What are the various Rapid prototyping techniques? Dynamic high level language development. Database programming. Component and application assembly. What is the use of User Interface prototyping? This prototyping is used to pre-specify the look and feel of user interface in an effective way. What are the characteristics of SRS?
Correct — The SRS should be made up to date when appropriate requirements are identified. Unambiguous — When the requirements are correctly understood then only it is possible to write an unambiguous software.
Complete — To make SRS complete,it shold be specified what a software designer wants to create software. Consistent — It should be consistent with reference to the functionalities identified. Specific — The requirements should be mentioned specifically. Traceable — What is the need for mentioned requirement? This should be correctly identified. What are the objectives of Analysis modeling?
To describe what the customer requires. To establish a basis for the creation of software design. To devise a set of valid requirements after which the software can be built. What is data modeling? Data modeling is the basic step in the analysis modeling. In data modeling the data objects are examined independently of processing.
The data model represents how data are related with one another. What is a data object? Data object is a collection of attributes that act as an aspect, characteristic, quality, or descriptor of the object. What are attributes? Attributes are the one, which defines the properties of data object. What is cardinality in data modeling? Cardinality in data modeling, cardinality specifies how the number of occurrences of one object is related to the number of occurrences of another object. What does modality in data modeling indicates?
Modality indicates whether or not a particular data object must participate in the relationship. What is ERD? Entity Relationship Diagram is the graphical representation of the object relationship pair. It is mainly used in database applications. What is DFD?
Data Flow Diagram depicts the information flow and the transforms that are applied on the data as it moves from input to output. What does Level0 DFD represent? In the context model the entire software system is represented by a single bubble with input and output indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows. What is a state transition diagram? State transition diagram is basically a collection of states and events.
The events cause the system to change its state. It also represents what actions are to be taken on the occurrence of particular event. Define Data Dictionary. The data dictionary can be defined as an organized collection of all the data elements of the system with precise and rigorous definitions so that user and system analyst will have a common understanding of inputs,outputs, components of stores and intermediate calculations.
What are the elements of Analysis model? Data Dictionary ii. Entity Relationship Diagram iii. Data Flow Diagram iv.
State Transition Diagram v. Control Specification vi. What are the elements of design model? Data design ii. Architectural design iii. Interface design iv.
Component-level design Define design process. Design process is a sequence of steps carried through which the requirements are translated into a system or software model. List the principles of a software design. The design should be traceable to the analysis model. The design should exhibit uniformity and integration. Design is not coding. The design should not reinvent the wheel. What is the benefit of modular design? Changes made during testing and maintenance becomes manageable and they do not affect other modules.
What is a cohesive module? In other words cohesive module performs only one thing. What are the different types of Cohesion? Logically cohesive — A module that performs the tasks that are logically related with each other is called logically cohesive. Temporal cohesion — The module in which the tasks need to be executed in some specific time span is called temporal cohesive. Procedural cohesion — When processing elements of a module are related with one another and must be executed in some specific order then such module is called procedural cohesive.
Communicational cohesion — When the processing elements of a module share the data then such module is called communicational cohesive. What is Coupling? Coupling is the measure of interconnection among modules in a program structure. It depends on the interface complexity between modules. What are the various types of coupling? Data coupling — The data coupling is possible by parameter passing or data interaction.
Control coupling — The modules share related control data in control coupling. Common coupling — The common data or a global data is shared among modules. Content coupling — Content coupling occurs when one module makes use of data or control information maintained in another module.
What are the common activities in design process? System structuring — The system is subdivided into principle subsystems components and communications between these subsystems are identified.
Control modeling — A model of control relationships between different parts of the system is established. Modular decomposition — The identified subsystems are decomposed into modules. What are the benefits of horizontal partitioning? Software that is easy to test. Software that is easier to maintain. Propagation of fewer sideeffects. Software that is easier to extend. What is vertical partitioning? Vertical partitioning often called factoring suggests that the control and work should be distributed top-down in program structure.
What are the advantages of vertical partitioning? These are easy to maintain changes. They reduce the change impact and error propagation. What are the various elements of data design? Data object — The data objects are identified and relationship among various data objects can be represented using ERD or data dictionaries.
Databases — Using software design model, the data models are translated into data structures and data bases at the application level. Data warehouses — At the business level useful information is identified from various databases and the data warehouses are created. List the guidelines for data design. Apply systematic analysis on data. Identify data structures and related operations. Explain the various types of models which used in software Engineering. Explain the generic views of software Engineering.
Explain the objectives of a coding b structured programming. What is the process of implementation of a software? Arnab Chakraborty. Zach Miller. John Shea. Daniel IT. Previous Page. Next Page. Useful Video Courses. Software Engineering Basics 80 Lectures 7. More Detail.
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